1.DESCRIBE THE
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER DESIGN LEADING UP TO THE PRESENT
a.The First Generation
i.19511958
i.vacuum tube
i.magnetic core memory
i.storage on punched
cards and tape
i.machine language
i.UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer) first computer built for business rather than military,
science, or engineering
a.The Second Generation
i.19591964
i.transistor
i.programming languages
including assembly language, FORTRAN, COBOL
i.storage using
removable disk packs and magnetic tape
i.used primarily by
business, universities, government
a.The Third Generation
i.19651970
i.integrated circuit
i.upward compatibility
i.unbundled software
i.several programs share
computers resources
i.interactive processing
a.The Fourth Generation
i.1971present
i.microprocessor
i.explosive growth
i.found in homes
i.the Internet
revolution
1.started as ARPANET a
network of computers that could survive a nuclear attack
1.attractive to the
average user
·links
·graphical browser
a.The Fifth Generation
(mid-1990s)
i.intelligent
computers/computer intelligence
1.artificial
intelligence
1.expert systems
1.natural language
1.robotics
1.DESCRIBE THE STORY OF
PERSONAL COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
a.Apple (1975)
i.home use
i.VisiCalc spreadsheet
software
a.IBM (1981)
i.became industry
standard
i.improved keyboard
i.80-character screen
i.ability to add memory
i.expansion slots
i.encouraged hardware
and software development by others
i.nonproprietary parts
i.clones
a.Microsoft/Intel
i.Wintel
1.Microsoft supplies
operating system for PC MS-DOS, Windows
1.Intel supplies
microprocessor
1.primary standard
i.continually challenged
others making inroads
1.handheld computers
Palm
1.Linux graphical user
interface operating system
a.The Internet
Revolution
i.Attractive to the
average user
1.links
1.graphical browser
1.explosive growth of PC
market to support Internet use
a.The Fifth Generation
(mid-1990s)
1.EXPLAIN THE UNDERLYING
CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
a.How computers can be
used for tasks that require human characteristics
a.How to make computers
do things that people currently do better
a.Make computers learn
i.improve performance
based on past errors
i.knowledge base set
of facts and rules
i.inference engine
applies rules to the facts to create new facts
i.evolving science
i.subsets
1.problem solving
1.natural languages
1.expert systems
1.robotics
1.EXPLAIN THE
FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS, AND VIRTUAL REALITY
a.Expert Systems
i.software used with an
extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a
particular topic
i.user
1.knowledge seeker
1.asks questions in
English-like format
i.responds with an
answer and explanation
i.need
1.expert system shell
software that contains the basic structure used to find answers to questions
1.knowledge engineer
writes rules
a.Robotics
i.computer-controlled
device that can physically manipulate its surroundings
i.primarily found in
factories
i.field robots
1.dangerous work
1.dirty jobs
a.Virtual reality (VR)
i.engages a user in a
computer-created environment
i.user physically
interacts with computer-created environment
i.immersion user
becomes absorbed in the VR interaction
i.how it works
1.alters perceptions
1.appeals to several
senses at once
1.presents images that
respond immediately to users movements
1.GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE
IMPACT THESE FIELDS HAVE ON BUSINESS AND EVERYDAY LIFE
a.Identify relationships
in data and use the information to optimize profits
a.Computer robots sent
to do dangerous work in place of humans
a.Using expert systems
to assist with business decisions such as determining the best place to drill
for oil or whether to invest in new stocks
a.Use VR to simulate a
showroom so customers at a distance can visit or to simulate a patient so
doctors can try a new medical procedure
Describe the generations of computer design leading
up to the present
The First Generation
1951-1958
Vacuum Tube
Magnetic core memory
Storage on punched
cards and tape
Machine language
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) first
computer built for business rather than military, science, or engineering
The Second Generation
1959-1964
Transistor
Programming
languages including Assembly language, FORTRAN, COBOL
Storage using
removable disk packs and magnetic tape
Used primarily by business, university, government
The Third Generation
1965-1970
Integrated Circuit
Upward compatibility
Unbundled software
Several programs share computers resources
Interactive processing
The Fourth Generation
1971-Present
Microprocessor
Explosive growth
Found in homes
The Internet Revolution
Started as ARPANet a network of computers that
could survive a nuclear attack
Attractive to the average user
Links
Graphical browser
The Fifth Generation (mid 1990s)
Intelligent computers/computer intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Expert systems
Natural language
Robotics
Describe the story of personal computer development
Apple (1975)
Home use
VisiCalc spreadsheet software
IBM (1981)
Became industry standard
Improved keyboard
80-character screen
Add memory
Expansion slots
Encouraged hardware and software development by
others
Nonproprietary parts
Clones
Microsoft/Intel
Wintel
Microsoft supplies operating system for PC
MS-DOS, Windows
Intel supplies microprocessor
Primary standard
Continually challenged others making inroads
Handheld computers Palm
Linux graphical user interface operating system
The Internet Revolution
Attractive to the average user
Links
Graphical browser
Explosive growth of PC market to support Internet
use
The Fifth Generation (mid 1990s)
Intelligent computers/computer intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Expert systems
Natural language
Robotics
Explain the underlying concepts and terms of
artificial intelligence
How computers can be used for tasks that require
human characteristics
How to make computers do things that people
currently do better
Make computers learn
Improve performance based on past errors
Knowledge base set of facts and rules
Inference engine applies rules to the facts to
create new facts
Evolving science
Subsets
Problem solving
Natural languages
Expert systems
Robotics
Explain the fundamentals of expert systems,
robotics, and virtual reality
Expert Systems
Software used with an extensive set of organized
data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic
User
Knowledge seeker
Asks questions in English-like format
Responds with an answer and explanation
Need
Expert system shell software that contains the
basic structure used to find answers to questions
Knowledge engineer writes rules
Robotics
Computer-controlled device that can physically
manipulate its surroundings
Primarily found in factories
Field robots
Dangerous work
Dirty jobs
Virtual Reality (VR)
Engages a user in a computer-created environment
User physically interacts with computer-created
environment
Immersion user becomes absorbed in the VR
interaction
How it works
Alters perceptions
Appeals to several senses at once
Presents images that respond immediately to users
movements
Give examples of the impact these fields have on
business and everyday life
Identify relationships in data and use the
information to optimize profits
Computer robots sent to do dangerous work in place
of humans
Using expert systems to assist with business
decisions such as determining the best place to drill for oil or whether to
invest in new stocks
Use VR to simulate a showroom so customers at a
distance can visit; try a new medical procedure on a simulated patient.
1. DESCRIBE THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OFCOMPUTERS
a. Characteristics
i. speed
ii. reliability
iii. storage capability
b. Results
i. productivity
ii. decision making
i.
cost reduction
iii.
1.DESCRIBE AT LEAST FOUR
AREAS OF SOCIETY IN WHICH COMPUTERS ARE USED
a.Education &
Training
a.Business
i.retailing
i.graphics
i.energy
i.money
i.agriculture
i.paperwork
a.Transportation
a.Government & Law
Enforcement
a.Home
a.Health & Science
i.medicine
i.human connection
i.robotics
a.Connectivity
2. IDENTIFY THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM: INPUT, PROCESSING, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE
a. IPOS cycle
i. input
1. data provided to computer
2. converted to electronic form
ii. process
1. data is manipulated
iii. output
1. result of manipulation
2. data is converted from electronic form to some other form
iv. storage
1. data and/or information is saved for future use
v. IPOS is directed by software instructions but performed by the hardware
b. Computer System
i. hardware
1. input devices
2. processor / central processing unit (CPU)
3. output devices
4. storage / secondary storage
- long term use
- nonvolatile
5. memory / primary storage
- temporary use
- volatile
ii. software
1. program
2. set of instructions that tells the computer what to do
3. basic types
- system software or operating system (OS)
- application software
iii. people
1. technical individuals including computer programmers
2. users
3. LIST SOME COMMON INPUT, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE MEDIA
a. Input
i. keyboard
ii. mouse
iii. scanner
b. Output
i. monitor
ii. printer
c. Storage Media
i. magnetic disk
1. hard diskuses magnetic disk
drive for I/O
2. disketteexamples
-
hard disk
-
diskette
ii. optical disk
1. CD-ROMuses optical disk
drive for I/O
2. DVD-ROMexamples
-
CD-ROM
-
DVD-ROM
iii. magnetic tape
1.uses tape drive for
I/O
1.
1.DISTINGUISH DATA FROM
INFORMATION
a.Data
i.raw facts
i.provided to computer as input
a.Information
i.organized
i.useful
i.provided to the user as output
4. DESCRIBE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NETWORKING
a. Enables
i. sharing of resources
ii. communication
b. Types
i. local area network (LAN)
i.
wide area network (WAN)
ii.
1.EXPLAIN THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTERNET
a.World-wide
communication
a.Collection of networks
a.Unowned
a.Used for
i.communication
&nbs